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Iperplasia ed atipie endometriali come causa di sanguinamento uterino anomalo durante la transizione menopausale


ABSTRACT
{ITA} I sanguinamenti uterini anomali (Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, AUB) sono un disturbo molto comune, possono dipendere da varie cause e hanno molteplici fattori di rischio, legati soprattutto all’età della donna.
Durante l’età riproduttiva, gli AUB possono essere causati da gravidanza, aborto, gravidanza ectopica, disordini ormonali, polipi endometriali o cervicali o, più raramente, iperplasia o carcinoma endometriali. Dopo la menopausa i polipi e l’atrofia endometriali sono la causa più comune di AUB. Infine, l’iperplasia endometriale, con o senza atipia, e il carcinoma endometriale rappresentano cause meno frequenti di AUB, tuttavia pur essendo cause meno frequenti si configurano come problematiche potenzialmente più rilevanti per la salute della donna. La Federazione Internazionale di Ginecologia e Ostetricia (FIGO) ha sviluppato due sistemi classificativi che consentono di standardizzare la definizione e la nomenclatura e di suddividere in categorie in base all’eziologia.

Per pianificare correttamente la gestione clinica è fondamentale una diagnosi istologica, per cui si ricorre solitamente a revisioni strumentali della cavità uterina per ottenere un vasto campionamento endometriale o biopsie endometriali. La biopsia può essere effettuata usando la tecnica della “punch biopsy”, con cui è possibile rimuovere piccole porzioni di tessuto ma non effettuare una biopsia mirata della lesione. La tecnica più sensibile, specifica e precisa e che consente di ridurre la necessità di ecografie e visite di controllo è però la biopsia mirata sotto guida isteroscopica. La conoscenza dei fattori di rischio paziente-specifici, dell’ incidenza di AUB dovuti a iperplasia ed atipie endometriali, dell’ approccio diagnostico e dei programmi terapeutici più adeguati e innovativi per la donna durante la transizione menopausale; rappresenta un percorso diagnostico-terapeutico da intraprendere in modo tempestivo ed appropriato al fine di poter prevenire l’ eventuale progressione neoplastica delle lesioni, durante questo particolare e delicato momento della vita della donna.

{ENG} The abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common disorder that can have a wide range of risk factors, particularly in relation to a woman’s age, as well as a wide range of causes. They can be brought on by endometrial or cervical polyps, hormonal imbalances, ectopic pregnancies, miscarriages, ectopic pregnancy, hormonal disorders, and, less frequently, endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma during the reproductive years. Instead, endometrial atrophy and polyps are the most frequent causes of abnormal uterine bleeding after menopause. Less frequently occurring but more harmful to women’s health are endometrial hyperplasia, with or without atypia, and endometrial carcinoma.

The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has created two classification systems that permit standardization of nomenclature and definitions as well as categorization based on etiology. A histological diagnosis, typically obtained through endometrial biopsies or, if necessary, through additional invasive investigations, is necessary to properly plan clinical management. The biopsy can be carried out using the punch biopsy technique, which allows for the removal of small amounts of tissue without performing a targeted biopsy of the lesion. The targeted biopsy under hysteroscopic guidance, however, is the most sensitive, particular, and precise technique that minimizes the need for ultrasound scans and follow-up appointments. The knowledge of patients specific risk factors for AUB due to endometrial hyperplasia and atypia, the proper and novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and programs, for the women who are experiencing the menopausal transition is mandatory for the correct management of these complex patients.
Moreover, the proper and rapid assessment of these symptoms is critical to prevent the possible neoplastic progression of precancerous endometrial lesions.


I prossimi appuntamenti Aige

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Le alterazioni del ciclo riproduttivo
12 Feb⁠–17 Giu  

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  • Corso
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12° Corso Strategie integrative, neuro-attive, e terapie ormonali in Ginecologia Endocrinologica
13 Dic⁠–14 Dic  

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