Abstracts selezionati – Bollettinoginendo

n2-2026

Letteratura scientifica 24 Lug 2026

Abstracts selezionati

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Koji Sato Effects of nutritional status and menstrual cycle on acute aerobic exercise-induced immune responses in young women Gynecological and Reproductive Endocrinology and Metabolism 2026; 7(1):9-16
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Abstract

Background: Daily nutritional status are strongly influenced exercise-induced immune responses, however, whether daily nutritional status influenced exercise-induced immune responses especially women who have menstrual cycle.
Objective: To clarify the effects of daily nutritional status on vigorous aerobic exercise induced-immune responses in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in young women.
Methods: Twelve healthy women (age: 22 ± 0.54 years) with normal menstruation participated in the study. Non-consecutive weighted 3-day food records including one weekend day or holiday were used for nutritional status evaluation. The groups were divided into below and above average each total energy, carbohydrate and protein ingestion (n=6 each group). Aerobic exercise at 75% V ̇O2 peak was conducted with a cycle ergometer at both the follicular and luteal phases. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise, and 1 and 2 h after exercise at both sessions. The natural killer p30 were measured as a natural killer cell activity, and interleuken-2 and prostaglandin E2 were measured as regulators of natural killer cell activity.
Results: The group which was above average of estimated energy requirements and carbohydrate intake in Japanese women, significantly higher NKp30 levels before and after exercise in follicular phase compared with group those who with lower average (P < 0.05). PGE2 responses by aerobic exercise in follicular phase was significantly affected by amount of Vitamin C and magnesium intake.
Conclusion: The amount of total energy and carbohydrate intake is important for natural killer cell responses and regulation of its mediator especially at follicular phases
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Patrícia Torné Castells
Testosterone therapy to treat postmenopausal women with low desire
European Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1/2026
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Abstract

Most studies on the use of testosterone in postmenopausal women have been based on DSM-4 terminology [1], and patients have been diagnosed with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) rather than female sexual interest and arousal disorder (FSIAD), the concept introduced in DSM-5. In DSM-4, HSDD is defined as a “persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.” It is estimated that HSDD affects approximately 1 in 10 women of all ages and is the most prevalent female sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women [2]. Low sexual desire is associated with emotional or psychological distress, low self-esteem, and depression [2]. Therefore, HSDD may result in significant impairment in quality of life.
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Inês Silva, Melissa Mariana, Elisa Cairrao
Exploring Vitamin D as a Modifiable Risk Factor in Cognitive Decline and Dementia
Endocrines 2026, 7, 35

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dementia is a progressive, multifactorial neurodegenerative syndrome that poses a major public health challenge, with an increasing number of cases due to an aging population. Vitamin D (vitD) is crucial not only for bone and calcium homeostasis, but also as a neuroactive steroid that influences brain functions such as neurotransmission, neuroprotection and immunomodulation. Emerging evidence suggests that vitD deficiency may be a modifiable risk factor for the development of dementia. Thus, the aim of this review is to understand the possible role of vitD as a modifiable risk factor in the prevention of dementia.
Methods: Research was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases using combinations of the MeSH terms ‘calcitriol’, ‘dementia’, ‘vitamin D receptors’, and ‘brain function’ for articles from 2014 until 2026. Results: The analysis of the 30 articles retrieved exhibited a significant association between vitD deficiency and an increased risk of dementia. Longitudinal studies and meta-analyses have indicated an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease proportional to the severity of the deficit. A significant association with vascular dementia was also highlighted, with the risk increasing synergistically in the presence of hypertension.
Conclusions: The evidence reviewed suggests that both vitD deficiency and insufficiency are strongly associated with increased risk of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Addressing vitD deficiency by maintaining adequate levels is proposed as a potentially effective preventive strategy against cognitive decline and dementia.
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Peter Lindner, Kerry Flannagan, Charlene Echague, Amalia Namath, Jerry Wang, Jeanne E. O’Brien, Phillip Romanski
Association between serum estradiol level decline in the days preceding ovulatory trigger and assisted reproductive technology outcomes
Fertil Steril 2026;126:86-95
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Abstract

Objective: To study whether a decline in serum estradiol level in the days leading up to the ovulatory trigger in gonadotropinreleasing hormone antagonist ovarian stimulation cycles impacts cycle outcomes. Design: Retrospective cohort study.
Subjects: Patients undergoing autologous retrieval cycles using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol between 2010 and 2021 at a multicenter infertility practice network in the United States. Patients were excluded if an estradiol level was not measured on the 4 days before the ovulatory trigger or if they had conventional insemination.
Exposure: Patients with a documented decrease of at least 1 pg/mL in serum estradiol on any of the 4 days before ovulatory trigger. The referent group experienced a consistent rise in serum estradiol each day before the trigger.
Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the number of usable blastocysts, defined as the sum of blastocysts used for fresh transfer (if any) and the remaining cryopreserved blastocysts. Secondary outcomes included oocyte maturity, fertilization, ≥1 usable blastocyst, positive human chorionic gonadotropin, biochemical pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, clinical pregnancy, and live birth.
Results: A total of 6,945 cycles met the inclusion criteria. Among this cohort, 5,653 demonstrated a consistent rise in serum estradiol, 1,103 cycles experienced one drop, and 189 cycles experienced 2–4 drops in estradiol during the 4 days preceding the ovulatory trigger. After adjusting for anti mullerian hormone and female age, there was no difference in the average number of usable blastocysts between the referent group (4.9 ± 4.0) and cycles with a single drop in estradiol (5.2 ± 4.8) (mean ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–1.10) and those with 2–4 drops in estradiol (mean ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.85–1.14). There were no statistical differences in any of the secondary outcomes, including live birth. Live birth was observed at 41.1% for the consistent rise group, 36.8% for the one-drop group (risk ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.81–1.02), and 42.1% for the 2–4 drops group (risk ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.74–1.28).
Conclusion: The findings underscore that a decline in serum estradiol in the 4 days before the ovulatory trigger does not compromise oocyte quality. Patients with an estradiol decline preceding oocyte retrieval had comparable outcomes to those with a continued rise in estradiol.
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Alessandro D. Genazzani, Maria Laura Rusce, Martina Foschi, Francesca Genazzani, Peter Chedraui, Andrea R. Genazzani, Christian Battipaglia
Hormonal and metabolic effects of the administration of oral low-dose 17-βestradiol (0.2 mg) in patients with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA): A Retrospective Pilot Study.
Fertil Steril 2026, Published online: July 04, 2026
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Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the endocrine and metabolic effects of very low-dose oral 17β-estradiol (0.2 mg daily) in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.
Design: Retrospective, single-center, observationnal pilot study.
Subjects:55 women with a mean age of 22.5 ± 1.7 years (mean ± SEM) who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and completed at least 16 weeks of follow-up after initiation of treatment.
Exposure: Daily administration of 0.2 mg oral 17β-estradiol for 16 weeks.
Main Outcome Measures Changes in reproductive, metabolic, adrenal, and bone-related hormonal parameters before and after treatment were evaluated including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, cortisol, anti-Müllerian hormone, allopregnanolone, and bone turnover markers. Pre- and post-treatment biomarker shifts were analyzed across the entire cohort using paired Student’s t-tests and stratified by baseline LH concentrations (≤3 vs >3 mIU/mL). Results After 16 weeks of treatment, significant increases in LH, free triiodothyronine, and insulin levels were observed, together with significant reductions in cortisol and allopregnanolone concentrations. Patients with baseline LH ≤3 mIU/mL exhibited more pronounced endocrine and metabolic changes compared with those with LH >3 mIU/mL. Approximately 52.7% of patients reported at least one episode of menstrual-like bleeding during follow-up.
Conclusions Very low-dose oral estradiol administered according to pubertal induction protocols was associated with neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptations in women with FHA, particularly in those with greater baseline hypothalamic suppression. This pilot study supports the hypothesis that very low-dose oral estradiol may represent a useful strategy to facilitate functional recovery of the reproductive axis in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Prospective controlled studies are needed to confirm the se findings and evaluate long-term reproductive outcomes.
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James Geiger, Alexander Quaas, Philipp Quaas, Andreas Schötzau, Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz, Ursula Gobrecht-Keller, Manuel Fischer
Impact of maternal physical activity on outcome of assisted reproduction
Front. Endocrinol. 17:1893897. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1893897

Abstract

The influence of physical activity on outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) remains incompletely understood, with conflicting evidence regarding the impact of exercise intensity and frequency. This study aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported physical activity and reproductive outcomes in patients undergoing ART.
Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 2,576 patients undergoing 6,850 ART cycles with embryo transfer between 2000 and 2021. Patients were categorized according to self-reported weekly physical activity as no regular exercise (Group A), exercise 1–2 times per week (Group B), and exercise ≥3 times per week, including competitive athletes (Group C). The primary outcome was cumulative live birth rate per oocyte pick-up (OPU), including fresh and frozen embryo transfers within one year following OPU. Secondary outcomes included cumulative pregnancy rate, pregnancy rate per embryo transfer, live birth rate per transfer, miscarriage rate, and number of oocytes retrieved.
Results: Patients exercising 1–2 times weekly demonstrated the most favorable reproductive outcomes. Pregnancy rate per embryo transfer was highest in Group B (34.8%) compared with Group A (32.5%) and Group C (29.7%, p<0.005). Similarly, live birth rate per transfer was higher in Group B (25.6%) than in Groups A (23.0%) and C (22.4%, p<0.05). Cumulative pregnancy rate per OPU was highest in Group B (58.7%) compared with Group A (52.5%) and Group C (49.5%, p<0.001). Cumulative live birth rate per OPU was also higher in Group B (43.1%) compared with Group A (37.2%) and Group C (37.1%, p<0.01).
Conclusions: Moderate physical activity was associated with more favorable ART outcomes, including higher cumulative pregnancy and live birth rates, compared with both no regular exercise and high levels of physical activity. These findings suggest that moderate exercise may represent a beneficial lifestyle factor for patients undergoing ART and may support individualized patient counseling.
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Huihuang Chia, Jiexue Pana, Zuwei Yanga, Hefeng Huang
Endometrial receptivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: altered biomarkersand underlying mechanisms
GYNECOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2026, VOL. 42, NO. 1, 2610550
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Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction. Women with PCOS are at an increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage and preterm birth.Endometrial receptivity plays a pivotal role in embryo implantation. However, therehas been limited review or discussion regarding potential alterations in endometrial receptivity in PCOS patients, the nature of these changes, and their underlying mecha-nisms. In this review, we aim to summarize the alterations in endometrial receptivity associated with PCOS, highlight the impact of PCOS on endometrial receptivity, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Abnormal expression of key receptivity markers has been observed in both PCOS patients and animal models, which may contribute toreduced endometrial receptivity. The factors leading to impaired endometrial receptivity in PCOS are multifaceted, including hormonal imbalances, metabolic disturbances, chronic inflammation, and microbiota alterations. However, the intricate mechanisms behind PCOS-related endometrial dysfunction remain poorly understood. Further research is essential to unveil these complex mechanisms and improve fertility out-comes for women with PCOS.
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Palacios S
The forgotten organ in midlife women: why gynaecologists shouldscreen for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease
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Gynecol Endocrinol 2026, VOL. 42, NO. 1, 2624205

Abstract

For decades, the gynaecologist has served as a central guardian of women’s health from the reproductive years through menopause. While cardiovascular, skeletal, and mental health now receive deserved attention, one vitalorgan remains largely absent from routine gynaecologic care: the liver. As obesity and metabolic dysfunction increase globally, the liver has emerged as both a marker and mediator of systemic disease, now termed metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) [1]. Its rising prevalence in midlife and postmenopausal women represents an urgent clinical concern. Menopause is not only a reproductive milestone but also a metabolic turning point. Declining of estrogen levels shift adipose tissue from subcutaneous to visceral depots and are accompanied by reduced energy expenditure and increased insulin resistance [2]. These changes promote intrahepatic fat accumulation and inflammation, even in women without overt obesity or diabetes. An estimated 40% of postmenopausal women have hepatic steatosis, which often remains undiagnosed until biochemical or imaging abnormalities are detected incidentally.
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Sara Hyman, Linda G. Kahn, Whitney Cowell
Microplastics and reproductive health: implications for human health and areas for future research
Human Reproduction, 2026, 41(7), 1040–1049

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs), conventionally defined as plastic particles 1μm–5mm in size, are ubiquitous contaminants, infiltrating both our environment and our bodies. These particles, either manufactured at this scale or formed from the breakdown of larger plastics, possess diverse characteristics that allow them to absorb and release toxic substances, form biofilms, and abrade and inflame tissues. In humans, MPs have been detected in testes, semen, ovarian follicular fluid, placental tissue, and other locations in the reproductive system. Recent studies suggest that MPs may disrupt male and female reproduction through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and endocrine disruption. Over the past 5 years, there has been increasing excitement about MPs research and a burgeoning literature in this area. Despite this growing body of evidence, the full spectrum of MP-associated reproductive toxicity in humans remains poorly understood, with limited research on effects at environmentally relevant exposure levels and in the general population, and a poor understanding of the specific toxicity of different polymer types, sizes, and shapes. As the literature rapidly expands, it is important to take note of current constraints and how research in this field may be optimized for quality. This review summarizes current knowledge about MPs and their reproductive toxicity, highlights emerging research areas, and identifies key challenges and needs for future research on this class of contaminant.

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